Women and Periodontal Health

Throughout a woman’s life, hormonal changes affect tissue throughout the body. Fluctuations in hormonal levels occur during puberty, pregnancy and menopause. At these times, the chance for periodontal disease may increase, requiring specialty care.

Puberty

During puberty, there is increased production of sex hormones. These higher hormone levels increase gum sensitivity and lead to greater irritation from plaque and food particles. The gums can become swollen, turn red, and feel tender.

Menstruation

Similar symptoms occasionally appear several days before menstruation. Bleeding of the gums, bright red swelling between the teeth and gum, or sores on the inside of the cheek may occur. These symptoms generally resolve once the period has started. Meticulous attention to oral hygiene may reduce these symptoms. If severe in nature, consultation by a periodontist is warranted.

Pregnancy

Your gums and teeth are also affected during pregnancy. Between the second and eighth month, gums may also swell, bleed, and become red or tender. Large lumps may appear as a reaction to local irritants. However, these growths are generally painless and not cancerous. They may require professional removal, but usually disappear sometime after delivery. Periodontal health practices should be part of your prenatal care. Any infections during pregnancy, including periodontal infections, can place a baby’s health at risk. For more information, see the section of our website labeled Pregnancy and Periodontal Disease under the Mouth-Body Connection tab.

Infertility Treatment

Research has been presented at a recent American Academy of Periodontology conference showing gum disease may be linked to women who undergo repeated infertility treatments. These effects presumably occur because of the increased levels of estrogen in the body. The gums are a target for estrogen since they contain estrogen receptors. If you experience increased inflammation and bleeding gums, it would be advantageous to seek the advice of your periodontist so that a proper treatment course can be prescribed.

Oral Contraceptives

Swelling, bleeding, and tenderness of the gums may also occur when you are taking oral contraceptives, which are often synthetic hormones.

You should always mention any prescriptions you are taking, including oral contraceptives, prior to medical or dental treatment. This will help eliminate the risk of drug interactions, such as antibiotics with oral contraceptives, which lessens the effectiveness of the contraceptive.

Menopause

Changes in the look and feel of your mouth may occur if you are menopausal or post-menopausal. They include: feeling pain and burning in your gum tissue and salty, peppery, sour tastes and dry mouth. Careful oral hygiene at home and professional cleaning may relieve these symptoms. There are also saliva substitutes and stimulants to treat the effects of dry mouth.